The Shang And Zhou Documents Essay Research free essay sample

The Shang And Zhou Documents Essay, Research Paper How would we cognize what we think about the Shang and Zhou human advancements? The data and comprehension that archeologists and historiographers have assembled about the Shang and Zhou civic establishments originate from archeological destinations each piece great as from old real messages. The two biggest destinations for the Shang human advancement are the Zhengzhou and the Anyang locales. At Zhengzhou, there was a divider environing the capital city which ran 2385 foot long, 30 foot high and 60 foots wide ( the solid size of the divider demonstrates that the Shang human advancements had the capacity to non just structure and utilize enormous gatherings of work powers however alongside to prepare them for significant stretches of clasp, varying to develop such a divider ) . Prophet castanetss uncovered the convictions and happenings of the civic establishments. They were utilized by the male ruler and soothsayers as far of conveying among themselves and the higher presences ( the male ruler would ask the mixers requests about the great beyond or a present pl ace of employment and the answer would control him in his assurance or explain an occasion ) . We will compose a custom article test on The Shang And Zhou Documents Essay Research or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page These requests, answers and O utcomes would be recorded on the tortoise shells or on the shoulder bones of bulls, demonstrating the events of harvest disappointments, illustrious births or wars and attack of outcasts which undermined the harmony. The burial places of royals likewise show the conviction of eternal life in both the Shang and the Zhou societies. The burial places of regal Shang rulers contain vessels and bronze tomahawks as well as proof of live entombments (despite the fact that in the Zhou time frames, live internments were progressively supplanted by human sculptures as opposed to real people). The old content of the Classic of Documents show how the Zhou put stock in the idea of a Mandate from Heaven (maybe a method of defending their ousting of the Shang culture). The Mandate expresses that a paradise picks and enables a ruler with the option to decide depending on the prerequisite that he is equitable and shrewd in his handlings of managerial obligations just as in his treatment of his subject s (just as rehearsing religion devotedly). In any case, if the pioneer damages these conditions, paradise will remove his entitlement to run by offering capacity to another decision family.

Haveloche corporation Essay Example for Free

Haveloche company Essay Haveloche Corporation is an innovative work organization, which converts into irregular incomes after some time. There are times when virtuoso thoughts acquire bunches of income for the organization. In any case, there are additionally times where those virtuoso thoughts are retired in light of the fact that nobody has an enthusiasm for that patent. The consistently changing incomes end up being hard for dynamic, particularly with regards to whether the organization should offer back to its speculators or not. Haveloche is continually confronted with the quandary of choosing what profit arrangement is best for the association and the speculators. The company’s CEO recorded the stock costs and profits for us to take a gander at. There are 3 hypotheses of speculator inclination for profit versus capital additions: (1) Dividend Irrelevance Theory or Modigliani Miller (2) â€Å"Bird-in-the-hand† Theory (3) Tax Preference Theory. As indicated by Modigliani Miller (MM), the profit strategy has not impact on the stock cost of the firm or the expense of capital. This hypothesis expresses that financial specialists reinvest the profits once again into the firm and the firm’s esteem is just founded on the salary delivered from its benefits, and not the profits and held income. As indicated by the subsequent hypothesis, the â€Å"Bird-in-the-hand† hypothesis, profits are known and steady and capital increases are obscure and unsure. The profit is less hazardous than capital additions. The danger of the firm’s incomes over the long haul is dictated by the profit payout arrangement as indicated by this hypothesis. As indicated by the third hypothesis, Tax Preference Theory, capital increases are favored over profits. Because of time estimation of cash, a dollar paid later on charges has a lower cost than a dollar paid on charges in the present. Capital gains ordinarily have preferred expense points of interest over profits, which is the reason a few financial specialists like to put resources into organizations that limit profits. In view of the dissipate plot, I would need to state that Haveloche has picked an assortment of these various hypotheses throughout the years since they have been delivering profits. At the point when the organization expected to reinvest the cash once more into the organization, they profit was brought down. At the point when the organization had a lot of additional money lying around, the profit payout expanded. Haveloche has been delivering a profit since its underlying IPO, however those profits differ from year to year. One could contend that the profit is ensured every year dependent on history, yet the financial specialist has no idea concerning how what that profit will be based off. In addition, in the event that you investigate the stock cost from year to year, it generally vacillate all over. Financial specialists in this don't know from year to year if the company’s licenses are going to become quite wealthy or in the event that they are simply going to be racked. It being a RD organization, it is a dangerous organization, which speculators know preceding venturing out with putting away their well deserved cash. Haveloches business depends on the obscure of whether the licenses will be valuable to gadgets organizations. The organization may concoct something that it esteems the following huge thing, yet it may not discover an organization that needs to utilize it. Speculators in Haveloche are not in it explicitly for the profits. Financial specialists are seeking after substantial payouts if Haveloche becomes showbiz royalty. The organization needs to accomplish more research and investigate which profit arrangements are working for the other little R;D organizations that take a shot at patent undertakings. With more data and results, Haveloche would have the option to settle on a progressively clever business choice about which profit arrangement it ought to pick.

What MIT Grads Do With Their Free Time

What MIT Grads Do With Their Free Time My friend Amrys (MIT 02) and a bunch of her fellow MIT-grad friends spent the last month converting a 1967 Chevy Bel Air into a boat the idea being to get as close as possible to the fireworks on the 4th of July (and have the coolest boat on the Charles River). Seriously, you dont find this kind of thing at other schools. In fact, I couldnt make up a story like this. You can read about the entire saga here complete with photos. I am sad to report that the story doesnt have the happiest of endings. I think Amrys summarized it best with this quote: Never, ever try to launch a very sketchy-looking homebuilt watercraft on a public ramp on the busiest Charles River boating day of the year your MIT degree holds no meaning for the State Police. Still, everyone involved had a blast, and as Amrys put it: When a group of people work together on a big project and learn from each other along the way, even the biggest disappointments are sufferable. True, that. But damn, seeing a 67 Chevy float down the Charles would have been awesome.

Marriage is a Committment to Your Spouse - 740 Words

â€Å"Love is a decision, it is a judgment, it is a promise. If love were only a feeling, there would be no basis for the promise to love each other forever. A feeling comes and it may go.â€Å"―Erich Fromm. With love and promises comes a life changing situation- marriage. So at what age is it appropriate to marry? Teenage marriage has become a subject that many people have disagreed on over the last few decades. Some say that teenagers are not mature enough to marry, while others argue that if a teenager truly loves someone they should get married. If love is a promise, are teenagers prepared to make a commitment to marry someone else? Even though teenage marriage should be discouraged, the marriage can be successful if the couple puts Jesus first. Marriage is a commitment to your spouse. It is an obligation and a promise that you will keep for a lifetime no matter how difficult it may be (Ayer 16). Matthew 19:6 says, What therefore God has joined together let not man sep arate. For this reason, marriage is far more than a human social contract; it is a divine covenant. Marriage is a permanent commitment; it is entered into by the husband and the wife before God as a witness. Because it is ultimately God who joins the couple together, the husband and the wife vow to each other till death do us part† (Kostenberger 5). This view of marriage has changed over the years- husband’s and wife’s roles, the reasons for marriage, and the amount of marriages and

The World And A Grand Symbol Of Papal Authority Essay

During the Late Renaissance period, the largest church in the world and a grand symbol of papal authority was built within the territory of the Vatican City. Principally designed by famous architects, such as Michelangelo, Donato Bramante, Carlo Maderno and Gian Bernini Lorenzo, St Peter’s Basilica- built between 1506 to 1626- is one of the greatest Renaissance architectures and is regarded as â€Å"the greatest of all churches of Christendom†. Believed to be the site of Saint Peter’s tomb, one of the twelve apostles of Jesus and considered to be the first pope, the ground in which the basilica stands is one of the holiest places in the world. Evidence state that the tomb of Saint Peter is located directly beneath the altar of the Basilica. Due to being such a holy place, the Basilica contains many tombs of popes and famous religious sculptures, such as the Pieta of Michelangelo. Admired for its Renaissance architecture, with a fusion with Baroque architecture in the later years of building, the Basilica of St. Peter also holds great meaning; thus in order to emphasize its importance, it took several years to design and completely build the dome (and the Basilica itself). Consequently, the greatest architects and artists were involved . The Roman public hall, known as a basilica, is usually a rectangular building with side aisles behind the rows of columns which support the main walls. The focus of attention is at the end opposite the entrance, where a raised platform isShow MoreRelatedThe Grail As A Symbol Of Divine Grace1695 Words   |  7 Pages(Holy Grail – Crystalinks). In Parzival, Wolfram von Eschenbach, citing the authority of a certain (probably fictional) Kyot the Provenà §al, claimed the Grail was a stone that fell from Heaven, and had been the sanctuary of the Neutral Angels who took neither side during Lucifer s rebellion. The authors of the Vulgate Cycle used the Grail as a symbol of divine grace. Galahad, illegitimate son of Lancelot and Elaine, the world s greatest knight and the Grail Bearer at the castle of Corbenic, is destinedRead MoreEssay about Faustus Study and Opening Speech3593 Words   |  15 Pagesacademic setting of the scene. In proceeding through the various intellectual disc iplines and citing authorities for each, he is following the dictates of medieval scholarship, which held that learning was based on the authority of the wise rather than on experimentation and new ideas. This soliloquy, then, marks Faustus’s rejection of this medieval model, as he sets aside each of the old authorities and resolves to strike out on his own in his quest to become powerful through magic. As is true throughoutRead MoreEssay about Renaissance Figures2969 Words   |  12 Pagessubservient Thomas Cranmer became archbishop of Canterbury. He immediately pronounced Henrys marriage to Katharine invalid. Papal powers were transferred to the king, who became the supreme head of the English church. The break with Rome was now complete, and the Church of England was established. The king dealt harshly with rebellions against the abolition of papal supremacy and the dissolution of the monasteries. The end of Henrys reign saw a gradual move toward Protestantism. HenryRead MoreThe Philippine Architecture: Spanish Colonial Period18287 Words   |  74 Pagesarchitecture reflect Filipino identity? Discuss the various building types and their relationship to pre-colonial architecture in your arguments. Spanish colonial architecture reflects Filipino identity mostly through the Religious Architecture. As what the world knows, Philippines is the only Catholic country in Southeast Asia; thus, most of our structures all over the archipelago were Catholic Churches due to the influence of Catholicism. Filipino Identity was basically patterned from the Spanish; the wayRead MoreSda Manual Essay101191 Words   |  405 PagesChurch Manual ............................................ xxii The Present Edition ..................................................................... xxiii CHAPTER 1 Authority of the Church and the Church Manual ......................... Church Authority in the Early Church .......................................... Church Authority in the Seventh-day Adventist Church ............... CHAPTER 2 Church of the Living God ................................................................ No Wall of Partition

Coe Framework And Ethical Dispositions Comparison Matrix...

COE Framework and Ethical Dispositions Comparison Matrix Instructions:In the left-hand column, list seven instances of overlap between the Association of American Educators’ four principles of ethical teachers and the Teacher Candidate Proficiencies in Conceptual Framework. Be sure to cite each appropriately. In the right-hand column, state the priority from 1-7 (â€Å"1† being the most important) youwould assign this concept as an educator.State and defend your rationale. Use research to support your rationale. Comparison of overlapping statements regarding teacher ethics Priority of specific ethical disposition/protocol and rationale Example: â€Å"The professional educator continues to grow professionally†(AAE, 2001). â€Å"Learners will develop the values, commitments, and ethics that positively impact the educational community as well as the educator’s own professional growth.† (COE-GCU Framework, 2010). Example: Priority ranking : 5 I have ranked the issue of Professional Growthat number five because†¦Actually, Meninger (1986) said that†¦ Technology Integration—â€Å"Learners will be able to select and use applicable technology to enhance learning experiences.†(COE-GCU Framework,2011) P-I.3—â€Å"The professional educator continues professional growth.†(AAE,2014) Priority Ranking:6 I have ranked this issue of technology integration number 6 because technology is used to magnify learning. â€Å"Teachers make thoughtful use of computers and other technology in the classroom, not to replaceShow MoreRelatedConceptual Framework Ethical Dispositions Essay1262 Words   |  6 PagesEDU 576 Conceptual Framework amp; Ethical Dispositions Dr. Susan Meredith Framework and Ethical Dispositions Comparison Matrix Instructions: In the left-hand column, list 7 instances of overlap between the two documents by asserting the comparison of the overlapping statements. Be sure to cite each appropriately. In the right-hand column, state the priority from 1-7, (â€Å"1† being the most important) you would assign this concept as an educator; state and defend your rationale. Use research toRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pages(but by no means all) of it seeks to meet the presumed concerns and needs of particular potential users – managers. This agenda has highly influenced the development of organization theory in that it has tried to provide managers with theoretical frameworks that they can deploy to best achieve competitive advantage. At the heart of management, just like any other social practice, is theory. For instance, managers have a role that usually entails their active intervention in their organizations in order

Diversity and Equality in Workplace free essay sample

Simple concepts as understanding, spoken and non-verbal communications are challenges when addressing a group of employees of differing race and origins. Traditional rewards, compensations and reprimands used for motivating or disciplining employees becomes less effective as the workplace composition changes (Atewologun and Val Singh, 2010). We will write a custom essay sample on Diversity and Equality in Workplace or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The most difficult and specific challenge for managers that may appear is their commitment and behaviour to defend and protect the workers from discrimination. This barrier almost certainly is the most effective strategy to decrease the number of discrimination. Knowledge of the individuals’ diversity is the key to understanding and resolving what is perceived as different. Sensitivity or awareness training is used, as a catalyst for distributing this type needed information. Also minority managers, when assuming a new management position, go through an extended period of time in which they are closely scrutinised by subordinates, peer and supervisors. Unfortunately, this period of examination often difficult to find the behaviour of the subordinates and the reinforcement of the management system is difficult to implement in the short time (Atewologun and Val Singh, 2010). Another factor that managers of differing race may be careful because sometimes the subordinate has identical race as the managers, and they obtain extraordinary ‘treatment’ from the managers. This is an important point because it touches on the subordinates’ perception of equality. For instance, minority managers who are as well in minority group speaking a different language may be tempted to communicate with individuals of the identical race in their native language. The â€Å"non-special† subordinate think there is extraordinary relationship between manager and some individual with same race as the managers, in their mind. Unfortunately, this perception will also steer the mind of the â€Å"non-special† subordinate that the minority manager give extraordinary treatment and that this difference may influence his decision when it comes to promotions, raises, and special treatments (Atewologun and Val Singh, 2010). Another source of potential problem is when minority managers sometimes encounter difficulties in his or her efforts to control their subordinate (Leadership problem). Hesitation by the employees in accepting the authority for a minority manager is not uncommon (Atewologun and Val Singh, 2010). Problem may also manifest them as a power struggle of intelligence. A manager may find resistance in convincing subordinates that his ideas have merit. This struggle is a reflection of the low intolerance of minorities stereotype. If this becomes an irritating issue with the manager he may resort to â€Å"flexing his managerial rights† either coerces or legitimates (i. e. perform the task because I am the boss) undermining any possible team building efforts (Atewologun and Val Singh, 2010). Particular challenges arise from gender and ethnic social categories, visible markers of membership of less powerful groups in the workplace. The intersection of these categories also merits investigation, as stereotypes often arise from a particular combination of categories. For instance, the African-American female ‘‘Mammy’’ label of a self-sacrificing woman, caring, and loyal is drawn from images of the ‘‘chief caretaker’’ slaves of the plantation master and family. Bell and Nkomo (2005) warn that focusing on her emotional and nurturing style downplays the black professional woman’s competence. Women are often stereotyped as emotional, mater nalistic and nurturing – characteristics incompatible with the manager/leader role (Roberts, 2005). Another stereotype is ‘‘Sapphire’’, an aggressive, sassy, bossy, and ‘‘drama queen’’. A black professional woman perceived in this way may be criticized or even ostracized for individual outspoken and abrasive, with co-workers responding to her behavior and not her skill. Bosses may also see her as not fitting requirements for management (Bell and Nkomo, 2001). Cases in UK: Diversity and Equality for Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual According to DTI (2005), there are estimated 6 per cent of UK population is lesbian gay or bisexual (LGB). There has been difficult to research their presence because they are shy to confess, and some of them is scared if society reject them. In 2006, London Metropolitan University held a conference to investigate their presence. The conference was planning to make a two-year research project with support by the Higher Education European Social Fund (HEESF). HEESF has been experiencing the investigation about LGB workers because the introduction of Employment Equality Regulation in 2003 at UK. In recent studied by Mark Bell (2003) from University of Leicester, founded the implementation of Employment Equality Regulation, which required all European Union countries to introduce special legislation to fight discrimination of sexual harassment, was a long way from complete because only some countries like Luxemburg and Germany had yet to introduce legislation to this issue.

History Of Art Essays - Visual Arts, Painting, Egyptian Hieroglyphs

History Of Art The body has been used as a sign or symbol in art for centuries. The body was used to symbolize perfection in ancient Greece, and in Egypt, to give a precise image for the God of the After-life. Not to mention their colossal monuments which promote power and glory, and are used to intimidate. However contemporary artists use the body as a symbol which conveys a whole range of different kinds of layered meaning, although the simple symbol of power has not been lost over the centuries. Ancient Greek sculptures of the body are a medium between man and the gods, they are an ideal of physical perfection. The female figure of c.650-625 B.C. (fig. 123) and a nude male youth of c.600 B.C. (fig. 124) are perfect examples of the use of symbols to convey meaning. These statues, Kore (maiden) and Kouros (youth) were produced in large numbers, all being virtually the same in outline. Their general names emphasised the need for the statues to remain unidentified and the lack of personal character. Some were placed on graves only to be viewed as representations of the deceased in the broadest sense (completely impersonal). And some were used as offerings, for example: for a favoured person like the victor in an athletic competition.The strange lack of differentiation seems to be part of the character of these figures. They are neither gods nor men, but rather somewhere in between, a symbol of physical perfection, an ideal shared by not only humans but also immortals, the gods. Moreover, statues of the body in Ancient Greek art were also used to capture the image of the gods themselves. Nine of Samothrace (fig. 181)has a dramatic impact on the viewer. It is the image of the goddess descending upon the prow of a ship. The beauty of the shapes that the body creates, glorifies and beautifies the goddess. It is a symbol of the power and immortality of the gods and the sole purpose of the artist is to convey this beauty and power to the people of Ancient Greece. Ancient Egypt is also another place in which the body was used as a symbol or sign. Colossal monuments such as The Great Temple of Ramesses II at Abu Simbel was a symbol of great power and wealth, as only pharaohs were able to create these monuments. Size was everything to the Egyptian pharaohs, it was the primary key to emphasise and increase their power and worshipers. The wonderful inscriptions and hieroglyphs found on temple walls were of great importance. The use of the body in the relief work on the temple walls were used to convey a perfect image of the deceased to the God of the After life. The detail and intricacy of the body was to insure that they could be recreated to perfection in their life after death. Contemporary works that use the body as a sign or symbol, are found in abundance. Works as simple as a portrait can have a great impact on people. Portraits such as that of Hitler, during World War, I had enormous effects on the people of the Jewish religion. To have these huge portraits of Hitler's face all over the country insured his control and power over the turn of events and the Jews. Victims by Jose Clemente Orozco is of the Symbolist art movement. The name of this movement is indicative of the precise purpose of the artists of that time. Orozco had a deep humanitarian sympathy with silent suffering masses and in Victims he illustrates his powerful trait. The bony bodies of the unidentified people in Victims is a symbol of the problems that were afoot in the world in 1936. Vast numbers of people were starving, suffering and dying. Orozco used the bodies in his artworks as a symbol of this suffering and successfully draws the focus and the emotions of the viewer. Thus, the artwork has fulfilled its primary purpose. The use of the body in Les Demoiselles d' Avignon by Pablo Picasso symbolizes the change of the way we view art and the body in art. Picasso introduced Cubism to the world. His brave abandonment of the Blue Period for a different and more robust style is seen and conveyed through his art. When Picasso started this picture, it was supposed to be a temptation scene in a brothel. However, he ended up with five nudes and a still life. This artwork was Picasso's own counterpart to Matisse's The Joy of

calculus differentiation essays

calculus differentiation essays Another way to consider the differentiation is to explain it using graphs. Some functions have curved graphs. In these curved graphs, when x is increased by a small number dx, y can be increased or decreased (depends on the type of the equation) by dy. If we suppose that the amount of increment dx is so small that the curved pattern is almost the same as a straight line, then the ratio of the dy and dx is the slope of the curve. Although we found the slope of the curve, technically we didnt find the slope of the entire curve. Because a curved pattern graph, the slope is changing constantly the slope we found is technically the slope of the curve at a specific point. At specific point if curve is sloping upward by 45 degree dy/dx is one, steeper than 45 degree greater than 1, less steep than 45 degree less than 1. Some curved graphs have a combination of positive and negative slopes and the point where the sign of slope changes is called local minimum or local maximum. Also using the technique to find the differentiation, we can also find the slopes of curves by just looking at the equation. We can also use the differentiation method to find when the y value reaches its maximum or minimum. Sometimes, when the maximum point or the minimum point, is a whole number it is easier to find the value. However, if the value is not the whole number it is much harder to find in a guess and check way. We can use the property from the last chapter to find out this value. Last chapter we learned that at maximum or minimum point the value of dy/dx equals 0. Therefore, if we know the equation of the function find the value of dy over dx which would be another equation contains x. Then set the latter equation equal to zero and solve for x. Then we can simply chug the x value to the original equation to find the y value. Then to determine whether the value is the minimum or the maximum, substitute a number very close to the x value and find y va...

Marketing Communications Plan for TESCO Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Marketing Communications Plan for TESCO - Essay Example Many retail shopping centers have tried and failed to perform excellently outside their home markets. Likewise, some retailers have led astray trying to develop Internet shopping. As a result, TESCO, the United Kingdom's biggest grocer, has drawn significiant attention because of its ambitious overseas strategy and its successful on-line home delivery service. Another successful key factor that inputs to TESCO sustainable development and growth is the marketing communication plan that provides the detailed overview of the Company’s fiscal policies as for meeting the clients’ needs and providing competitive prices within wisely located grocers all over the world. TESCO understands that successful marketing strategy should be based on customers’ need, that is why the Mission Statement declared for the Company sounds as it follows: â€Å"One of our values is to understand customers better than anyone. We go to great lengths to ask customers what they think, listen to their views, and then act on them. We look both at what customers say and what they do. This feedback guides the decisions we tale† . In view of above, I would like to make a try to complete the marketing communication plan for TESCO within the frames of this paper. I will first give a short overview of the company, then provide financial information on TESCO current operations; afterwards I will give recommendations for putting integrated marketing communications (IMC) to TESCO work and shortly discuss television advertisement strategy for TESCO within the boarders of London.

Retention of Heritage Language as a Means of Encouraging Bilingual Essay

Retention of Heritage Language as a Means of Encouraging Bilingual Education Among Immigrants - Essay Example In this study, we examine the place of heritage language among immigrants and how this can form an important aspect of â€Å"America’s push to becoming a fully integrative and bilingual nation† (Chiswick and Miller 119). It should not be taken to mean that all in the American society share in the view that bilingual is a positive thing. In any case, the debate appears to be a divisive matter among scholars, policymakers and politicians. This study seeks to delve into the overall debate and demonstrate why heritage language is an opportune way of achieving this goal. Close reference will be given to the Hispanics; Hispanics are the fastest growing group of immigrants in United States. Bilingualism is a reality in modern day world. Firstly, the world’s projected 5000 languages are used in the globe’s 200 countries, representing an average of 25 languages for every state; â€Å"this means that interactions between citizens of numerous world countries clearly require extensive bilingualism† (Bhatia and Ritchie 1). At the moment, the processes of globalization are now in progress these developments heighten the extent and character of multilingualism, as citizens across the globe build awareness on the merits of adding a world language to their verbal repertoires (Bhatia and Ritchie 1). One must consider that, far from being exceptional, as most people believe, bilingualism and in extension multilingualism is at present the tenet all over the world and will turn out to be progressively more so in the future. Bilingualism is the ability to communicate in two languages. There is a difference between individuals and social bilingualism as well... This paper approves that parents and siblings are typically important in a student’s multi-literacy development. They often provide a literacy ‘eco-system’ where there is mutual support, adaptability, and linguistic survival and spread. Different languages may mean differing roles. This report makes a conclusion that heritage language degeneration is widespread in modern society, especially in U.S. where policies, social, economic as well as political activities are conducted in English. Most immigrants feel alienated mainly due to their insufficiency in the English language. Thus their first step is to learn English and sideline their heritage language albeit to gain acceptance from their native counterparts. This translates to a slow but sure death of the heritage language. This loss is not only a blow to efforts aimed at developing bilingualism but it also affects the culture and identity of the immigrants. Sooner or later, they feel misplaced and isolated as they lack a particular community, or society they can completely associate with. As gathered from this text, these are misplaced fears, as proved, retaining the heritage language does not in any way affect one’s capacity to understand a second language in any case it enhances one’s linguis tic capacity. In this case, there is no need to do away with the heritage language as a prerequisite in understanding English. This fact underlines the main point of this study that immigrants need to foster their heritage language even as they cultivate their understanding of the second language.

Post Positivism History And Philosophy Psychology Essay

Post Positivism History And Philosophy Psychology Essay According to Cheek (2008, pp. 762-766) research design refers to the combination of three important and interrelated considerations requiring focused attention when formulating and conducting research; the theoretical foundations guiding research, data collection and analysis methods, as well as ethical concerns. Theoretical frameworks essentially provide a lens through which to examine and conduct research. Inherent to each framework are specific philosophical perspectives which inform and reflect the researchers ontological and epistemological views. The choice of theoretical framework will subsequently impact and guide decisions about research methods, which will then influence ethical considerations. Denzin and Lincoln (1994, as cited in Finlay Ballinger, 2006, pp. 16-17) identify four research paradigms underpinning the theoretical framework of a research project; positivist and post-positivist, constructivist-interpretive, critical, and feminist-post structural. While post-pos itivism is closely associated with the quantitative approach, interpretivism is embedded within the qualitative approach. Quantitative and Qualitative Baumgartner and Hensley (2006, p. 17) describe quantitative research as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦involving the collection of numerical data in order to describe phenomena, investigate relationships between variables, and explore cause-and-effect relationships of phenomena of interest. Quantitative data can be obtained from an extensive array of sources including experiments, randomised controlled trials, and structured observation. While quantitative data can be analysed using such methods as correlation, factor analysis, and psychometrics. At the most fundamental level, the quantitative research process is guided by application of the scientific method. This involves a set of structured steps through which the researcher moves in a logical and systematic manner to obtain knowledge, answer a question, or solve a problem (Baumgartner Hensley, pp. 9-11). While Haig (2010, p. 1326) identifies four dominant theories within the scientific method including the inductive and hypothetico-deductive me thods, Baumgartner and Hensley (2006, pp. 9-11) identify five basic steps inherent to this process: (1) Identifying the question; (2) Formulating a hypothesis; (3) Developing a research plan; (4) Collecting and analysing data; (5) Interpreting results and forming conclusions. Experimental research is characteristic of quantitative research. Accounting for independent variables, while identifying and classifying all other extraneous variables, the experimental researcher works to manipulate dependent variables with the aim of establishing direct (value-neutral, cause-and-effect) relationships between phenomena (Baumgartner Hensley, 2006, pp. 159-162). Garwood (2006, p. 251) identifies advantages of the quantitative method as including, its ability to measure change over time; the generalizability of research findings; and the variability of statistical analysis which numerical data allows. However qualitative researchers have criticised the quantitative method in its traditional positivist philosophy for its inability to analyse the social constructs influencing relationships and phenomena under investigation (Garwood, p. 251). According to Sumner (2006, p. 249) qualitative research à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦is concerned to explore the subjective meaning through which people interpret the world, the different ways in which reality is constructedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦in particular contexts. Qualitative data can be obtained through various methods such as interviews, action research, surveys, and observation. While qualitative data can be analysed through a myriad of methods including discourse analysis, hermeneutical analysis, and content analysis. Despite this diversity of approach, Finlay and Ballinger (2006, pp. 6-8) identify five commonalities which all qualitative researchers acknowledge and value (p. 6). These include: the impact of researcher subjectivity on knowledge production; the importance of the researcher-researched relationship; a commitment to hypothesis-generation through exploration and induction as opposed to hypothesis-testing; the influence of social constructs upon subjective experience, beliefs, and int erpretations; as well as the ambiguous, multiple, and fragmented nature of reality which is constantly shifting and open to re-signification (Finlay Ballinger, p. 6). According to Munhall (2007, p. 6), the value of qualitative research lies in its ability to provide insight and meaning into the situated context of individual experience. Acknowledging the contextual and dynamic nature of reality, qualitative research also allows for in-depth analysis of complex phenomena. As outlined by Sumner (2006, p. 249), criticisms of the qualitative approach commonly refer to a supposed lack of rigour and generalizability. These comments, however, appear more to reflect the different philosophical and theoretical aims of the qualitative and quantitative approach. For example, while quantitative researchers attempt to examine phenomena objectively, qualitative researchers employ reflexivity; identifying and explicitly stating their subjective values and bias (Baumgartner Hensley, 2006, p. 206). Further, while quantitative research is structured and rigorous in approach, establishing hypothesis and conducting experiments to test these, qualitative research is emergent; hypothesis are generated as the research process progresses with the development of new and unexpected patterns shifting the research focus (Baumgartner Hensley, pp. 202-203). Of importance, and as explicated by Sumner (2006, p. 249), qualitative research à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦is often based upon interpretivism, constructivism, and inductivism. Thus, while quantitative research is primarily deductive, attempting to control, explain, and predict phenomena external of influence; qualitative research attempts to understand, explore, and describe phenomena from within the social and cultu ral constructions of the lived experience. Post-Positivism History and Philosophy Classical positivism emerged from the works of August Comte (1789-1875). Comte believed that empirical verification (observation and measurement) was the foundation of all scientific development (Polifroni Welch, 1999, p. 8). During the 19th Century classical positivism was reconceptualised through the work of philosophers from the Vienna circle into what became known as logical positivism. As Polifroni and Welch (1999, p. 8) explain, logical positivists aimed to eliminate all metaphysical considerations from within the scientific process. The possibility of theory was rejected, with claims to knowledge justified through observation of phenomena, which logical positivists believed could be examined external to its context (Munhall, 2007, p. 127). By obtaining theory-neutral facts, logical positivists maintained it was possible to obtain objective truth and develop Universal Laws to describe and predict phenomena. The 20th Century philosopher and critical realist Karl Popper (1902-1994) challenged the assumptions of logical positivists, arguing all attempts at objectivity were inherently subjective. For Popper all knowledge is provisional, conjectural, hypothetical (Thornton, 2013 (Spring Edition) para. 19). Thus, as Thornton (2013 (Spring Edition) para. 19) explicates, scientific theories cannot be empirically verified, only momentarily confirmed or empirically falsified. Furthermore, Popper believed metaphysical questions should be returned to scientific enquiry to enable deeper analysis of phenomena (Polifroni Welch, 1999, p. 67). By acknowledging the fundamental relativity and fallibility of knowledge claims and enabling the exploration of ontological concerns, Popper believed science could advance through the constant redevelopment of theories as informed by previous falsifications (what he termed verisimilitude) to gradually arrive at a position closer to the truth (Thornton, 2013 (Spri ng Edition) para. 20-30). Poppers philosophical observations represent the foundations of post-positivism. Interpretivism History and Philosophy Interpretivism has a long, rich, and complex history which is compressed and rather succinctly explained by Scwandt (1994, as cited in Willis, 2007, p. 100) as having foundations in the German intellectual tradition of hermeneutics and the verstehen tradition of sociology, the phenomenology of Alfred Shutz, and critiques of scientism and positivism in the social sciences [including] the writings of ordinary language philosophers critical of logical empiricism. Interpretivsits believe what constitutes reality is socially constructed and that therefore, understanding the context in which research occurs is critical to the interpretation of data gathered (Willis, p. 98). Unlike post-positivist research, interpretivist research does not seek to gain knowledge through explanation but rather through understanding (Willis, p. 98). As Willis (2007, p. 100) states, this fundamental distinction was first made by William Dilthey (1813-1911) who proposed that although explanation (erklaren) and the establishment of Universal laws may be an appropriate aim for the natural sciences; it is incompatible for research in the cultural (human) sciences. Instead, Dilthey believed the human sciences should focus upon gaining meaning through understanding (verstehen). An aim achieved by examination of the lived experience. Diltheys conceptualisation of interpretivism reflect his origins in hermeneutics; a tradition which Baumgartner and Hensley (2006, p. 203) describe as fundamental to qualitative research. Hermeneutics, given foundations by Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768-1834) (Munhall, 2007, p. 111), refers to a theory and method of interpretation; of discovering hidden meaning by understanding the context in which meaningful human action occurs (Baumgartner Hensley, 2006, p. 203). According to Willis (2007, p. 104) philosophical hermeneutics is grounded in interpretivist epistemology; rejecting foundationalism in favour of a subjective, contextual understanding. This grounding was heavily influenced by the work of Martin Heidegger (1889-1976), through whose efforts the entire foundation of philosophy shifted from an epistemological to an ontological focus. Challenged by the work of Edmund Husserl, Heidegger developed a hermeneutical interpretation of phenomenology (Finlay Ballinger, 2006, pp. 186-187) aimed at understanding the experience of being-in-the-world or Dasein (Wheeler, 2013 (Spring Edition)). Enabling analysis and interpretation of experience or phenomena, through which themes and meaning emerge, is the hermeneutic circle. As explained by Willis (2007, p. 106), during this process the researcher constantly shifts between the parts and the whole; continually revising and further developing interpretations by moving from the research topic, to the research context, to the researchers own subjective understanding. Originally developed by Dilthey (Polifroni Welch, 1999, p. 242), the circle was reconceptualised by Heidegger to reflect and inform his ontological investigations, coming to represent the interplay between our self-understanding and our understanding of the world (Ramberg Gjesdal, 2009 (Summer Edition) para. 33). Appropriated by the existentialist Hans-Georg Gadamer in his search for à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦an understanding of understanding (Polifroni Welch, 1999, p. 242) the circle remains in use today; representative of the origins of interpretivism. Post-Positivism and Interpretivism As the preceding sections have alluded, post-positivism is grounded in the ontology of critical realism. Post-positivists therefore maintain that although there exists an external reality independent of human consciousness, obtaining a truly objective view of this reality is not possible. Nonetheless, the post-positivist preserves objectivity as an ideal in the search for truth. Conversely, interpretivism is grounded in the ontology of relativism. Thus, interpretivists believe not only that access to an objective reality is impossible as all knowledge is contextually relative, but that there exists no universal truths (Smith, 2008, p. 275). These foundational beliefs are reflected within the data collection and analysis processes. Creswell (2003, as cited in Baumgartner Hendley, 2007, p. 201) identifies four types of qualitative data collection methods: documents, observation, audio-visual, and interviews. According to Rebar and Macnee (2011, p. 151) at the most foundational level, data collected in qualitative studies should function to enable the researcher to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦construct a description of the meaning of the variables under study. This is in comparison to quantitative data collection methods which à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦aim to measure the variables of interest clearly, specifically, and accurately(Rebar Macnee, p. 155). Reflecting the aim of statistical analysis of numerical data, quantitative data collection methods may include chemical laboratory tests, systematic observations, physiologic measurement or highly structured questionnaires (Rebar Macnee, p. 155). In relation to data analysis, Rebar and Macnee (2011, p. 69) assert that while organising and assessing data to find meaning remains the same for both the qualitative and quantitative approach, methods to achieve this aim differ considerably. For example, within the qualitative research approach the aim is to describe and explain; to gain insight into a specific experience or phenomena, understood as contextual and relative (Rebar Macnee, p. 69). While in contrast, results obtained from quantitative data analysis (which may also describe and explain) primarily aim to infer and predict; to be generalizable beyond the specific research setting (Rebar Macnee, pp. 66-67). As Baumgartner and Hensley (2006, pp. 323-341) state, central to attaining inference from quantitative data is the presence of objectivity, reliability, and validity during data collection. Conversely, avoiding error and establishing rigor within qualitative data collection and analysis requires the researcher to constantly review data to ensure its trustworthiness, confirmability, transferability, and credibility (Rebar Macnee, 2011, p. 151). Therefore, while the quantitative researcher employs formulae and statistical methods to organise data and extract meaning; the qualitative researcher derives meaning via methods of induction and interpretation. As explained by Julian (2008) the intellectual process (para. 1) of content analysis, within which the qualitative researcher categories and codes data identifying dominant themes which are subsequently explored and described, represents one of these methods. With the aim of comparing and contrasting the post-positivist and interpretivist research paradigms, this essay began by delineating the fundamental distinctions between the quantitative and qualitative research method. Following this, the history and philosophy of both post-positivism and interpretivism were outlined, with significant figures impacting upon each paradigm identified. Finally, methodological differences between the post-positivists and interpretivist research paradigms were compared and contrasted, with differences within data collection and analysis methods of each framework outlined. In summary, while post-positivism emerged from the work of Karl Popper, is associated with the quantitative research method, and adopts a critical realist philosophy; interpretivism emerged from the work of William Dilthey and Martin Heidegger, is associated with the qualitative research method, and adopts a relativist philosophy. Depending on research aims, post-positivism and interpre tivism offer two unique and characteristic frameworks which function to guide and inform the research process.

Mythology in the World :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How did the world begin? Have you ever wondered this most likely yes. Everyone has been asking this question for millions of years. The explanation of this is called Mythology. By looking at What Mythology is, the categories of Mythology, the regions of major myths, some of the key players of myths, and finally the similarities of the cultures. With that I will start my paper and by the end of it you will have a more in depth knowledge of Mythology.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mythology meaning the study of Myths. Myth comes form the Greek word Mythos meaning speech or discourse later meaning fable. Myth is defined as a story of forgotten origin, it is religious or supernatural. It seeks to explain the creation of the universe, everyday phenomena and everything in it. The different regions of the world all have a different story and set of characters they use to explain this. Now that you know what exactly what mythology is we will look at the different categories of mythology.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The different categories of mythology are explanatory myths and adventure myths. Explanatory myth will break down into smaller sub divisions called Cosmogony, nature myths, and eschatological myths. Explanatory myths these are myths that nature or certain events and customs of different cultures. Cosmogony is a big word for creation myths. Creation myths explain the origin of the universe. They use primal gods and animals to tell the story. There are different types of creation myths as well. The first is the single stage creation where a god existed ex nihilo. Which means a god existed in a vast space and created the universe out of nothing. The other is multi stage creation. In this the universe is created by one god. His children then continue to create the rest of the world. Nature myths have to do with animals and everyday phenomena like the rising and setting of the sun. The last explanatory myth is eschatological. This tells how death and other bad things c ame into the world and how the world is going to end. The next category of mythology is adventure myths. These are myths that involve humans. These are stories of major events in history that parts have been embellished or forgotten and made up. Now that you know the different categories of mythology we will look at the different regions where the stories came from.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The different regions of mythology are Africa, the Americas, Asia, Europe, and Oceania.

Doctrine of Frustration Essay

ACCORDING to Section 56, an agreement to do an act impossible in itself is void (for example, an agreement to discover treasure by magic). Supervening impossibility or illegality refers to the intrusion or occurrence of an unexpected event or change of circumstances beyond the contemplation of the parties; such event or change of circumstances must be so fundamental as to be regarded by law as striking at the root of contract as a whole or the basis of the contract no longer exists. Subsequent impossibility in the UK is referred to as Doctrine of Frustration. A contract is deemed to have become impossible of performance and, thus, void under the following circumstances: a) Destruction of the subject matter of the contract; b) By death or permanent incapacity of the parties (like insanity) where the contract is personal in nature; c) Supervening impossibility or illegality, involving actions contrary to law or public policy; d) Outbreak of war, war restrictions (avoidance of trading with alien enemy, and so on); e) Imposition of government restriction or orders or acquisition by government; and f) Non-existence or non-occurrence of a particular state of things. Apart from the above circumstances, impossibility does not discharge a person from the contract. He who agrees to do an act should do it unless impossibility arises in any of the ways mentioned above. . FRUSTRATION – MEANING, SCOPE AND APPLICABILITY Section 56 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 stipulates: â€Å"Agreement to do impossible act: An agreement to do an act impossible in itself is void. Contract to do act afterwards becoming impossible or unlawful: A contract to do an act which, after the contract is made, becomes impossible, or, by reason of some event which the promisor could not prevent, unlawful, becomes void when the act becomes impossible or unlawful. Compensation for loss through non-performance of act known to be impossible or unlawful: Where one person has promised to do something which he knew, or, with reasonable diligence, might have known, and which the promisee did not know, to be impossible or unlawful, such promisor must make compensation to such promisee for any loss which such promisee sustains through the non-performance of the promise.† Frustration may be defined as the occurrence of an intervening event or change of circumstances so fundamental as to be regarded by the law both striking at the root of the agreement, and as entirely beyond what was contemplated by the parties when they entered into the agreement. If an event which could not be foreseen by both parties supervenes, frustration would apply. Section 56 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 does not deal with the cases in which an event, the parties took it for granted will never happen does happen and makes the performance of the contract impossible. If it be held that this Section is exhaustive, no relief can be granted to any of the parties on the happening of such an event, but this would be against the very principle underlying the Section. (16) If the inability to perform the contract is due to the fault of one of the parties, he cannot successfully plead frustration. It is also true that if the parties expressly contract with reference to the occurrence of the supervening events, frustration is inapplicable. But there is another type of case outside these rules. The parties when they made the contract, may have foreseen the supervening event as probable, but may have made no express provision with respect to it. Here, if such event occurs, frustration can be pleaded. (17) LORD RADCLIFF has succinctly summarized the law relating to frustration of contracts as under: â€Å"†¦.frustration occurs whenever the law recognizes that without default of either party, a contractual obligation has become inapplicable of being performed because the circumstances in which the performance is called for would render it a thing radically different from that which was undertaken by the contract.’†¦.It was not this that I promised to do.’ There is, however, no uncertainty as to the materials upon which the Court must proceed. ‘The data for decision, on the one hand, the terms and conditions of the contract, read in the light of the then circumstances and, on the other hand, the events which have occurred.’ In the nature of thing there is often no need for any elaborate enquiry. The Court must act upon a general impression of what its rule requires. It is for that reason that special importance is necessarily attached to the occurrence of an unexpected event that, as it were, changes the face of the things. But even so, it is not hardship or inconvenience or material loss itself which calls the principle of frustration into play.†(18) IMPOSSIBILITY OF PERFORMANCE AMOUNTS TO FRUSTRATION A man can be expected to do what is humanly possible but he cannot be expected morally or legally to do what is not physically possible. It cannot be disputed that when a thing is beyond the human control it cannot be expected from the party which had undertaken to do the work to suffer the consequences of not proceeding with the contract work and in such a situation both the parties are relieved from their contractual responsibilities. The word â€Å"impossible† in Section 56 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 has not been used in the sense of physical or literal impossibility. The performance of an act may not be literally impossible, but it may be impracticable and unless from the point of view of the object and which the parties had in view; and if an untoward event or change of circumstances totally upsets the very foundation upon which the parties rested their bargain, it can very well be said that the promisor finds it impossible to do the act which he promised to do. (21) If the performance of a contract becomes impracticable or useless having regard to the object and purpose the parties had in view then it must be held that the performance of the contract has become impossible. But the supervening event should take away the basis of the contract and it should be of such a character that it strikes at the root of the contract. (22) The essential principles on which the doctrine of frustration is based on the impossibility, or, rather, the impracticability in law or fact of the performance of a contract brought about by an unforeseen or unforeseeable sweeping change in the circumstances intervening after the contract was made. In other words, while the contract was properly entered into in the context of certain circumstances which existed at the time it fell to be made, the situation becomes so radically changed subsequently that the very foundation which subsisted underneath the contract as it were gets shaken, nay, the change of circumstances is so fundamental that it strikes at the very root of the contract, then the principle of frustration steps in and the parties are excused from or relieved of the responsibility of performing the contract which otherwise lay upon them.(23) HAPPENING OF UNPRECEDENTED EVENTS CAUSES FRUSTRATION To attract the plea of frustration, it must be shown that the situation has changed so drastically and so radically that neither party to the contract could have at all foreseen that because of something happening at another place which may be a foreign country would result in execution of the contract almost as good as an impossibility. The impact which the market receives due to an event happening elsewhere in the guiding factor for determining whether or not frustration has occurred. Where after the firm price contract for supply of transformers there was a subsequent 400% rise in price of transformer oil due to the war, there was frustration of contract. The abnormal increase in price due to war condition was an untoward event or change of circumstances which â€Å"totally upset the very foundation upon which the parties rested their bargain.† Therefore, supplier could be said to be finding itself impossible to supply the transformers which it promised to do. (25) The parties to an executory contract are often faced, in the course of carrying it out, with a turn of event which they did not at all anticipate – a wholly abnormal rise or fall in prices, a sudden depreciation of currency, an unexpected obstacle to execution, or the like. Yet this does not in itself affect the bargain they have made. If, on the other hand, a consideration of the terms of the contract, in the light of the circums.

Why You Should Study Art History